- Personal endings of words
- -o/-m first person singular
- -mus first person plural
- -s second person singular
- -tis second person plural
- -t third person singular
- -nt third person plural
The infinite form: agere
The perfect tense: egi
The supine form: actum
Supine: A term for an infinite verb form in some languages. In Latin, a type of verbal noun, used for the ablative and accusative case of an infinitive. In Swedish, a form related to the past participle, used to form perfect tenses.
Imperative of ago: age for singular and agite for plural.
- Parsing:
- bellum agere: agere is infinite of ago, means "to do", bellum is war, bellum agere means "war to do" or "to wage the war"
- bellum agunt: agunt is third person plural present tense indicative mood of ago, means "they wage the war"
- Caesar bellum agit: agit is 3rd person singular present tense indicative mood of ago, "he/she/it does", therefore, Caesar wages war.
- Gaius Iulius Caesar, inperator et pontifex maximus, bellum in Gallia agit: G.I.Caesar, general and chief priest, wages war in Gaul.
- Unlike English, verbs always go after the subjects, in Latin, verbs can be every-where, so the ending of the verb indicates what or who is the subject.
- To give a command, we need to use the imperative of the verb:
- Wage war, Caesar! -> Age bellum, Caesar!
- Wage war, soldiers! -> Agite bellum, milites!
- Singular imperative form of verb ends with -e and plural case is -te.
- Verba (Vocabulary)
bellum: war (agere bellum -> to wage war)
bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum: drink
caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum: cut, cut down, slay
Caesar: Gaius Julius Caeser, politician, author and conquerer of Gaul, famously assassinated on March 15 (the Ides), 44 B.C.E.
cibum: food
dico, dicere, dixi, dictum: say, speak, tell (Dixitque Deus: and God said, Dixit(he said->3rd person singular perfect tense indicate mood)+que(and))
discipuli (m.), discipulae (f.): students (discipuli, discipulaeque -> male and female students)
edo, edere, edi, esum: eat
est: is
et: and
flores: flowers
Gallia: Gaul (France)
miles/milites: soldier/soldiers
mulier/mulieres: woman/women
-ne (enclitic particle): attaches to the first word in the sentence to indicate that what follows is a question
pono, ponere, posui, positum: put, place, put aside, put away
salve (singular) salvete (plural): greetings
vale (singular) valete (plural): be well, farewell
vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum: sell
vinco, vincere, vici, victum: conquer
vinum: wine
- Practice
- pono: pono, ponis, ponit, ponimus, ponitis, ponunt
- bibo: bibo, bibis, bibit, bibimus, bibitis, bibunt
- vinco: vinco, vincis, vincit, vincimus, vincitis, vincunt
- to say -> dicere
- Put away! -> Pone! (singular) Ponite! (plural)
- to drink -> bibere
- Eat! -> ede! (singular) edite! (plural)
- We sell -> vendimus
- to drive -> agere
- She is driving -> agit
- Drive! -> Age! (singular) Agite! (plural)
- to conquer -> vincere
- They are conquering -> Vincunt
- They drink -> bibunt
- We are cutting -> Caedimus
- Are you cutting -> Caedisne?
- You'all eat -> Editis
- Caesar dicit -> Caesar says
- Dicimus -> We say
- Dicite, mulieres! -> Speak, women!
- Caesar bellum agit -> Caesar wages war
- Caesar flores caedit -> Caesar cuts flowers
- Milites flores caedunt -> Soldiers cut flowers
- Ponite flores, milites, et vincite! -> Put away flowers, soldiers, and conquer!
- Milites cibum edunt -> The soldiers eat food
- Pontifices vinum bibunt -> The priests drink wine.
- Servum vendo -> I sell slave/serf/servant. serf -> work unit
- Vince, Caesar! -> Conquer, Caesar!
- Agite bellum, milites! -> Wage war, soldiers!
- Cibum edimus et vinum bibimus. -> We eat food and drink wine.
- Cibum/vinum -> end of -um is accusative
- Edisne cibum? -> Are you eating food?
- Bibitisne vinum? -> Are you drinking wine?
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